Guide to the Study of Common Plants: An Introduction to Botany |
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Common terms and phrases
adaptations algæ antheridia anthers archegonia arrangement Ascertain bark bean Botany branches buds bundle calyx carpels cells chalaza characters chlorophyll chlorophyll bodies color common Compare compound microscope corolla cotyledons cryptogams cultivated Darwin described dicotyledonous different species Draw easily elongated embryo embryo-sac endosperm epidermis Examine exhibit ferns Fertilization of Flowers filaments floral flowering plants form and structure frond fruit genus germination grain Gray growing growth habits Indian corn inflorescence insects layer leaf lens liverworts longitudinal sections maple MATERIAL REQUIRED mechanical micropyle mode of dehiscence modifications Morphology mosses Müller Note Notice Observe oösphere outline ovary ovule peculiarities pericarp Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie Physiology of Plants pine pistil pollen position Practical Botany present protection prothallium protonema radicle RELATIONSHIP reserve materials rhizoids roots seedlings seeds seen specimens sporangia sporangium spores stamens starch stem stigma Structural Botany student surface tion tissue transverse section various wheat whorl wood
Popular passages
Page 246 - There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.
Page x - I had, also, during many years followed a golden rule, namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by 69 experience that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory than favourable ones.
Page xi - Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has been imperfect, and when I have been contemptuously criticised, and even when I have been overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that " I have worked as hard and as well as I could, and no man can do more than this.
Page 244 - Insects in cross-fertilizing flowers endow them with an offspring which in the struggle for existence vanquish those individuals of the same species which are the offspring of self-fertilization. The insects must therefore operate by selection in the same way as do unscientific cultivators among men, who preserve the most pleasing or most useful specimens, and reject or neglect the others. In both cases selection in course of time brings those variations to perfection which correspond to the tastes...
Page 25 - in order to spend on one side, nature is forced to economize on the other side." I think this holds true to a certain extent with our domestic productions: if nourishment flows to one part or organ in excess, it rarely flows, at least in excess, to another part; thus it is difficult to get a cow to give much milk and to fatten readily. The same varieties...
Page 240 - The numerical preponderance which this family has attained in species and genera (1000), and the extreme abundance of many of the species, are due to the concurrence of several characters, most of which singly, or in some degree combined, we have become acquainted with in other families, but never in such happy combination as in the Composite. The...
Page 246 - ... for re-construction. People generally suppose that species, and even genera, are like coin from the mint, or bank notes from the printing press, each with its fixed marks and signature, which he that runs may read, or the practised eye infallibly determine. But in fact species are judgments — judgments of variable value, and often very fallible judgments, as we botanists well know. And genera are more obviously judgments, and more and more liable to be affected by new discoveries.
Page 55 - ... in more or less orderly arrangement with vessels of various kinds, some of which give it porosity. In the first year of the stem's growth, there is but a single layer of the wood. Year after year a fresh circle is superadded, and, in temperate climates, at least, we can pronounce with certainty on the age of a tree by counting the number of annual rings of growth displayed in its transverse section. In this manner, the age of certain trees has been inquired into ; and many, especially planes,...